“The Dynamics of Gender Within Black Consciousness Organizations: A Personal View,” in N. Pumla Dineo Gqola, “Contradictory Locations: Blackwomen and the Discourse of the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa,” Meridians 2, no. Nelson Mandela, “Whither the Black Consciousness Movement” (1978) reprinted in Mac Maharaj, ed., Reflection in Prison (Cape Town: Zebra and Robben Island Prison, 2001), 40.ĭesiree Lewis, “Women and Gender in South Africa,” in Vincent Maphai, ed., South Africa: The Challenge of Change (Harare, Zimbabwe: SAPES Books, 1994).
Lewis Gordon, foreword to Steve Biko, I Write What I Like (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2002), xi. The Wiehahn Commission was set up by the apartheid government in 1977 in an attempt to control the increasing militancy of the emerging black trade unions, recommending union registration, and recognizing collective bargaining.
Interview with Amanda Alexander and Andile Mngxitama, Braamfontein, January 2007. Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (Boston, MA: Little Brown Company, 1994), 577–578. Steve Biko, I Write What I Like (Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 2002), 72.Ĭonsole Tleane, “Is There Any Future in the Past? A Critique of the Freedom Charter in the Era of Neoliberalism,” in Amanda Alexander, ed., Articulations: A Harold Wolpe Memorial Lecture Collection (Trenton, Durban: Africa World Press/Centre for Civil Society, 2006). This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. South Africa-and the course of the country’s liberation struggle-was never the same after Black Consciousness elicited the passion for a black-controlled, -defined, and -led project of liberation. By borrowing from the resistance that came before it-the anticolonial struggles on the African continent, philosophers and thinkers, and the Black power movement in the United States-Black Consciousness made resistance not only imaginable but possible. The Black Consciousness movement breathed life into a people who had been cowered into submission by the brutality of white oppression in apartheid South Africa. Although movements are typically larger than their individual spokespersons, it is hard to imagine the Black Consciousness movement without the towering figure of Stephen Bantu Biko, who would have turned sixty in December 2007.
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